High zafin jiki gami kuma ake kira zafi ƙarfi gami. Dangane da tsarin matrix, ana iya raba kayan zuwa sassa uku: tushen nickel na ƙarfe da tushen chromium. Dangane da yanayin samarwa, ana iya raba shi zuwa nakasar superalloy da jefa superalloy.
Abu ne da babu makawa a cikin filin sararin samaniya. Mabuɗin abu ne don ɓangaren zafin jiki na sararin samaniya da injunan kera jiragen sama. An fi amfani dashi don kera ɗakin konewa, injin turbine, ruwa mai jagora, kwampreso da faifan injin turbine, harsashin injin turbine da sauran sassa. Matsakaicin zafin sabis shine 600 ℃ - 1200 ℃. Damuwa da yanayin muhalli sun bambanta da sassan da aka yi amfani da su. Akwai tsauraran buƙatu don kayan aikin injiniya, na zahiri da sinadarai na gami. Yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci don aiki, amintacce da rayuwar injin. Don haka, superalloy na daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan bincike a fagagen sararin samaniya da tsaron kasa a kasashen da suka ci gaba.
Babban aikace-aikacen superalloys sune:
1. High zafin jiki gami ga konewa dakin
Gidan konewa (wanda kuma aka sani da bututun wuta) na injin turbine na jirgin sama yana ɗaya daga cikin maɓallan abubuwan zafi mai zafi. Tun da man atomization na man fetur, man fetur da gas hadawa da sauran matakai da ake za'ayi a cikin konewa jam'iyyar, matsakaicin zafin jiki a cikin konewa jam'iyyar iya isa 1500 ℃ - 2000 ℃, da kuma bango zafin jiki a cikin konewa jam'iyya iya isa 1100 ℃. A lokaci guda kuma yana ɗaukar damuwa na thermal da damuwa na iskar gas. Yawancin injunan da ke da girman matsawa/nauyi suna amfani da ɗakunan konewa na shekara-shekara, waɗanda ke da ɗan gajeren tsayi da ƙarfin zafi. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a cikin ɗakin konewa ya kai 2000 ℃, kuma zafin bango ya kai 1150 ℃ bayan fim ɗin gas ko sanyaya tururi. Manyan matakan zafin jiki tsakanin sassa daban-daban za su haifar da damuwa na thermal, wanda zai tashi da faɗuwa sosai lokacin da yanayin aiki ya canza. Kayan zai kasance ƙarƙashin girgizar zafi da nauyin gajiyar zafi, kuma za a sami murdiya, fasa da sauran kurakurai. Gabaɗaya, ɗakin konewa an yi shi da alloy ɗin takarda, kuma an taƙaita buƙatun fasaha kamar haka gwargwadon yanayin sabis na takamaiman sassa: yana da juriya na iskar shaka da iskar gas a ƙarƙashin yanayin yin amfani da gami da gas mai zafi; Yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙarfi na gaggawa da juriya, aikin gajiyar thermal da ƙananan haɓakar haɓakawa; Yana da isasshen filastik da ikon walda don tabbatar da aiki, kafawa da haɗi; Yana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na ƙungiya a ƙarƙashin zagayowar thermal don tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki a cikin rayuwar sabis.
a. MA956 alloy laminate
A farkon matakin, an yi laminate mai ƙyalli na HS-188 alloy sheet ta hanyar haɗin kai bayan an yi hoton, dalla-dalla, tsagi da naushi. Za a iya sanya Layer na ciki ya zama tashar sanyaya mai kyau bisa ga bukatun ƙira. Wannan tsarin sanyaya kawai yana buƙatar kashi 30% na iskar gas mai sanyaya sanyaya fim ɗin gargajiya, wanda zai iya inganta ingantaccen zagayowar injin ɗin, rage ainihin ƙarfin ɗaukar zafi na kayan ɗakin konewa, rage nauyi, da haɓaka ƙarfin turawa. rabo. A halin yanzu, har yanzu ya zama dole a karya ta hanyar fasaha mai mahimmanci kafin a iya amfani da ita a aikace. Laminate mai laushi da aka yi da MA956 sabon ƙarni ne na kayan ɗakin konewa wanda Amurka ta gabatar, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a 1300 ℃.
b. Aikace-aikacen abubuwan haɗin yumbu a cikin ɗakin konewa
Amurka ta fara tabbatar da yuwuwar yin amfani da yumbu don injin turbin gas tun daga 1971. A cikin 1983, wasu ƙungiyoyin da ke aikin haɓaka kayan haɓakawa a Amurka sun ƙirƙira jerin alamomin aikin injin injin gas da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan jirage. Wadannan alamomi sune: ƙara yawan zafin jiki na turbine zuwa 2200 ℃; Yi aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin konewa na lissafin sinadarai; Rage yawan da ake amfani da su ga waɗannan sassa daga 8g/cm3 zuwa 5g/cm3; Soke sanyaya abubuwan da aka gyara. Domin biyan waɗannan buƙatun, kayan da aka yi nazari sun haɗa da graphite, matrix karfe, abubuwan haɗin yumbu da matrix na tsaka-tsaki ban da yumbu mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya. Abubuwan haɗin yumbura (CMC) suna da fa'idodi masu zuwa:
Ƙididdigar faɗaɗawar kayan yumbura ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na abin da aka yi da nickel, kuma murfin yana da sauƙin kwasfa. Yin abubuwan haɗin yumbu tare da tsaka-tsakin ƙarfe mai ji zai iya shawo kan lahani na flaking, wanda shine jagorancin ci gaba na kayan ɗakin konewa. Ana iya amfani da wannan kayan tare da iska mai sanyaya 10% - 20%, kuma zazzabi na rufin ƙarfe na baya shine kawai 800 ℃, kuma zafin zafi mai ɗaukar zafi yana da ƙasa da na divergent sanyaya da sanyaya fim. Cast superalloy B1900+ yumbu mai rufi tile da ake amfani da V2500 engine, da kuma ci gaban shugabanci shi ne maye gurbin B1900 (tare da yumbu shafi) tayal tare da SiC tushen composite ko anti-oxidation C/C composite. Ceramic matrix composite ne ci gaban abu na engine konewa jam'iyya tare da tura nauyi rabo na 15-20, da kuma sabis zazzabi ne 1538 ℃ - 1650 ℃. Ana amfani dashi don bututun harshen wuta, bango mai iyo da bayan ƙonawa.
2. High zafin jiki gami ga turbine
Injin injin turbine na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke ɗaukar nauyin zafin jiki mafi muni da mafi munin yanayin aiki a cikin injina. Dole ne ya ɗauki matsananciyar wahala mai girma da rikitarwa a ƙarƙashin babban zafin jiki, don haka buƙatun kayan sa suna da tsauri. Superalloys don injin turbin injin injin ya kasu zuwa:
a. High zafin jiki gami ga jagora
Diflector yana daya daga cikin sassan injin turbin da zafi ya fi shafa. Lokacin da konewar da ba ta dace ba ta faru a cikin ɗakin konewa, nauyin dumama na vane na jagorar mataki na farko yana da girma, wanda shine babban dalilin lalacewar vane mai jagora. Yawan zafin sabis ɗinsa yana kusan 100 ℃ sama da na injin turbine. Bambanci shine cewa sassan da ke tsaye ba su da nauyin nauyin inji. Yawancin lokaci, yana da sauƙi don haifar da damuwa na thermal, murdiya, fashewar gajiya mai zafi da ƙona gida wanda ya haifar da saurin canjin zafin jiki. The jagora vane gami za su sami wadannan kaddarorin: isasshen high zafin jiki ƙarfi, m creep yi da kuma mai kyau thermal gajiya yi, high hadawan abu da iskar shaka juriya da thermal lalata yi, thermal danniya da vibration juriya, lankwasawa nakasawa ikon, mai kyau simintin gyaran kafa gyare-gyaren yi da weldability, da aikin kariya na sutura.
A halin yanzu, yawancin injunan ci-gaba masu girman matsawa/nauyi suna amfani da ruwan simintin simintin gyare-gyare, kuma an zaɓi manyan allunan tushen nickel na jagora da kristal guda ɗaya. The engine tare da high matsa-nauyin rabo yana da wani babban zafin jiki na 1650 ℃ - 1930 ℃ da kuma bukatar da za a kare ta thermal rufi shafi. A sabis zafin jiki na ruwa gami a karkashin sanyaya da shafi kariya yanayi ne fiye da 1100 ℃, wanda ya sa a gaba sabon kuma mafi girma bukatun ga yawan zafin jiki yawa kudin na jagora ruwa abu a nan gaba.
b. Superalloys don turbin ruwan wukake
Gilashin turbine sune maɓalli masu jujjuya zafi na injunan injina. Zazzaɓin aikin su shine 50 ℃ - 100 ℃ ƙasa da igiyoyin jagora. Suna ɗaukar babban damuwa na centrifugal, damuwa na girgiza, damuwa mai zafi, zubar da iska da sauran tasirin yayin juyawa, kuma yanayin aiki ba shi da kyau. Rayuwar sabis na kayan aikin ƙarshen zafi na injin tare da babban matakin matsawa / nauyi ya fi 2000h. Saboda haka, da turbine ruwa gami zai sami high creep juriya da rupture ƙarfi a sabis zafin jiki, mai kyau high da matsakaici zafin jiki m Properties, kamar high da kuma low sake zagayowar gajiya, sanyi da zafi gajiya, isasshen filastik da tasiri tauri, da daraja hankali; Babban juriya na iskar shaka da juriya na lalata; Kyakkyawan halayen thermal da ƙananan haɓakar haɓakawa na layi; Kyakkyawan aikin aikin simintin gyare-gyare; Tsayayyen tsari na dogon lokaci, babu hazo lokaci na TCP a zazzabi na sabis. Gilashin da aka yi amfani da shi yana tafiya ta matakai hudu; Abubuwan da aka lalata sun haɗa da GH4033, GH4143, GH4118, da dai sauransu; Aikace-aikacen simintin simintin gyare-gyaren ya haɗa da K403, K417, K418, K405, DZ4, DZ22, DD3, DD8, PW1484, da dai sauransu. Ana amfani da DD3 da DD8 na kristal na kasar Sin bi da bi a cikin injinan turbines na kasar Sin, injin turbofan, jirage masu saukar ungulu da injunan jirgin ruwa.
3. High zafin jiki gami ga turbine faifai
Disk ɗin injin turbine shine mafi yawan damuwa mai jujjuya juzu'i na injin turbine. The aiki zafin jiki na dabaran flange na engine tare da tura nauyi rabo na 8 da kuma 10 kai 650 ℃ da 750 ℃, da kuma zafin jiki na dabaran cibiyar ne game da 300 ℃, tare da babban zafin jiki bambanci. A lokacin jujjuyawa na al'ada, yana motsa ruwa don juyawa cikin babban sauri kuma yana ɗaukar matsakaicin ƙarfin centrifugal, damuwa na zafi da damuwa na girgiza. Kowane farawa da tsayawa keken keke ne, cibiyar dabaran. Maƙogwaro, tsagi ƙasa da baki duk suna ɗauke da matsi daban-daban. Ana buƙatar gami don samun ƙarfin amfanin ƙasa mafi girma, ƙarfin tasiri kuma babu ƙima a zafin sabis; Ƙarƙashin haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar layin layi; Wasu oxidation da juriya na lalata; Kyakkyawan aikin yankan.
4. Aerospace superalloy
Ana amfani da superalloy a cikin injin roka na ruwa azaman mai injector panel na ɗakin konewa a cikin ɗakin turawa; Turbine famfo gwiwar hannu, flange, graphite rudder fastener, da dai sauransu High zafin jiki gami a ruwa roka engine da ake amfani da man fetur jam'iyya injector panel a tura jam'iyya; Turbine famfo gwiwar hannu, flange, graphite rudder fastener, da dai sauransu GH4169 da ake amfani da matsayin kayan injin injin na'ura mai juyi, shaft, shaft hannun riga, fastener da sauran muhimmanci hali sassa.
Kayayyakin rotor na injin roka na Amurka sun hada da bututun ci, ruwan turbine da faifai. GH1131 gami da ake amfani da mafi yawa a kasar Sin, da kuma turbine ruwa ya dogara da aiki zafin jiki. Inconel x, Alloy713c, Astroloy da Mar-M246 yakamata a yi amfani da su a jere; Kayan fayafai na dabaran sun haɗa da Inconel 718, Waspaloy, da dai sauransu. GH4169 da GH4141 na'urorin haɗaɗɗiya galibi ana amfani da su, kuma ana amfani da GH2038A don injin injin.