Ana kuma kiran ƙarfe mai yawan zafin jiki da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi. Dangane da tsarin matrix, ana iya raba kayan zuwa rukuni uku: ƙarfe mai tushen nickel da chromium. Dangane da yanayin samarwa, ana iya raba shi zuwa superalloy mai nakasa da kuma superalloy mai siminti.
Kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci a fannin sararin samaniya. Shi ne muhimmin abu ga ɓangaren zafin jiki mai yawa na injunan kera jiragen sama da na jiragen sama. Ana amfani da shi galibi don kera ɗakin konewa, ruwan turbine, ruwan jagora, matsewa da faifai na turbine, akwatin turbine da sauran sassa. Matsakaicin zafin sabis shine 600 ℃ - 1200 ℃. Yanayin damuwa da muhalli sun bambanta da sassan da aka yi amfani da su. Akwai ƙa'idodi masu tsauri don halayen injiniya, na zahiri da na sinadarai na ƙarfe. Shi ne abin da ke da mahimmanci ga aiki, aminci da rayuwar injin. Saboda haka, superalloy yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan bincike a fannonin sararin samaniya da tsaron ƙasa a ƙasashe masu tasowa.
Babban amfani da superalloys sune:
1. Haɗakar zafin jiki mai yawa don ɗakin konewa
Ɗakin konewa (wanda aka fi sani da bututun wuta) na injin turbine na jiragen sama yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke da zafi sosai. Tunda ana yin amfani da man fetur, haɗa mai da iskar gas da sauran hanyoyin aiki a ɗakin konewa, matsakaicin zafin jiki a ɗakin konewa zai iya kaiwa 1500 ℃ - 2000 ℃, kuma zafin bango a ɗakin konewa zai iya kaiwa 1100 ℃. A lokaci guda, yana kuma ɗaukar matsin lamba na zafi da matsin lamba na iskar gas. Yawancin injunan da ke da babban rabo na turawa/nauyi suna amfani da ɗakunan konewa na annular, waɗanda ke da ɗan gajeren tsayi da ƙarfin zafi mai yawa. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a ɗakin konewa ya kai 2000 ℃, kuma zafin bango ya kai 1150 ℃ bayan fim ɗin gas ko sanyaya tururi. Manyan yanayin zafi tsakanin sassa daban-daban zai haifar da matsin lamba na zafi, wanda zai tashi da faɗuwa sosai lokacin da yanayin aiki ya canza. Kayan zai fuskanci girgizar zafi da nauyin gajiyar zafi, kuma za a sami karkacewa, fashe-fashe da sauran lahani. Gabaɗaya, ɗakin konewa an yi shi ne da ƙarfe mai kauri, kuma an taƙaita buƙatun fasaha kamar haka bisa ga yanayin sabis na takamaiman sassa: yana da takamaiman juriya ga iskar shaka da juriya ga lalata iskar gas a ƙarƙashin yanayin amfani da ƙarfe mai zafi da iskar gas; Yana da takamaiman ƙarfin juriya nan take da juriya, aikin gajiyar zafi da ƙarancin faɗaɗawa; Yana da isasshen ƙarfin plasticity da walda don tabbatar da sarrafawa, samarwa da haɗi; Yana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na ƙungiya a ƙarƙashin zagayowar zafi don tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki a cikin rayuwar sabis.
a. Laminate mai ramuka mai kauri na MA956
A farkon matakin, an yi laminate mai ramuka da takardar ƙarfe ta HS-188 ta hanyar haɗa shi da yaɗuwa bayan an ɗauki hoto, an sassaka shi, an yanke shi da kuma an huda shi. Za a iya yin layin ciki ya zama tashar sanyaya mai kyau bisa ga buƙatun ƙira. Wannan sanyaya tsarin yana buƙatar kashi 30% kawai na iskar sanyi na sanyaya fim ɗin gargajiya, wanda zai iya inganta ingancin zagayowar zafi na injin, rage ainihin ƙarfin ɗaukar zafi na kayan ɗakin ƙonawa, rage nauyi, da kuma ƙara rabon matsin lamba. A halin yanzu, har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a karya fasahar farko kafin a iya amfani da ita a aikace. Laminate mai ramuka da aka yi da MA956 sabon ƙarni ne na kayan ɗakin ƙonawa da Amurka ta gabatar, wanda za a iya amfani da shi a zafin 1300 ℃.
b. Amfani da kayan haɗin yumbu a cikin ɗakin ƙonewa
Amurka ta fara tabbatar da yuwuwar amfani da yumbu don injinan iskar gas tun daga shekarar 1971. A shekarar 1983, wasu ƙungiyoyi da ke aiki a fannin haɓaka kayan aiki na zamani a Amurka sun tsara jerin alamun aiki ga injinan iskar gas da ake amfani da su a cikin jiragen sama na zamani. Waɗannan alamun sune: ƙara zafin shiga injinan iskar gas zuwa 2200 ℃; Yi aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙonewa na lissafin sinadarai; Rage yawan da ake amfani da shi ga waɗannan sassan daga 8g/cm3 zuwa 5g/cm3; Soke sanyaya sassan. Domin biyan waɗannan buƙatun, kayan da aka yi nazari a kansu sun haɗa da graphite, ƙarfe matrix, yumbu matrix composites da mahaɗan ƙarfe ban da yumbu mai matakai ɗaya. Haɗaɗɗun matrix na yumbu (CMC) suna da fa'idodi masu zuwa:
Fadadawar kayan yumbu ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na ƙarfen nickel, kuma rufin yana da sauƙin cirewa. Yin haɗakar yumbu tare da jike na ƙarfe na matsakaici na iya shawo kan matsalar fashewa, wanda shine alkiblar haɓaka kayan ɗakin ƙonawa. Ana iya amfani da wannan kayan da iska mai sanyi 10% - 20%, kuma zafin rufin baya na ƙarfe yana da kusan 800 ℃ kawai, kuma zafin zafi yana ƙasa da na sanyaya mai bambanci da sanyaya fim. Ana amfani da tayal mai kariya daga rufin yumbu na B1900+ a cikin injin V2500, kuma alkiblar haɓakawa ita ce a maye gurbin tayal ɗin B1900 (tare da murfin yumbu) da haɗakar C/C mai tushen SiC ko anti-oxidation. Haɗin matrix na yumbu shine kayan haɓakawa na ɗakin ƙona injin tare da rabon nauyi na 15-20, kuma zafin sabis ɗinsa shine 1538 ℃ - 1650 ℃. Ana amfani da shi don bututun wuta, bango mai iyo da kuma bayan wuta.
2. Hadin zafin jiki mai yawa don injin turbine
Ruwan turbine na injina mai amfani da iska yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke ɗauke da nauyin zafin jiki mafi tsanani da kuma mummunan yanayin aiki a cikin injina mai amfani da iska. Dole ne ya ɗauki babban matsin lamba mai rikitarwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai yawa, don haka buƙatun kayan sa suna da tsauri sosai. An raba manyan alloys na ruwan turbine na injina mai amfani da iska zuwa:
a. Haɗakar zafin jiki mai girma don jagora
Mai juyawa yana ɗaya daga cikin sassan injin turbine da zafi ya fi shafa. Idan konewa mara daidaituwa ya faru a ɗakin konewa, nauyin dumama na motar jagora mataki na farko yana da girma, wanda shine babban dalilin lalacewar motar jagora. Zafin aikinta yana da kusan 100 ℃ sama da na ruwan turbine. Bambancin shine cewa sassan da ba sa canzawa ba su da nauyin injina. Yawanci, yana da sauƙi a haifar da damuwa ta zafi, karkacewa, fashewar gajiya ta zafi da ƙonewa ta gida wanda canjin zafin jiki mai sauri ke haifarwa. Haɗin motar jagora zai sami halaye masu zuwa: isasshen ƙarfin zafin jiki mai yawa, aikin rarrafe na dindindin da kyakkyawan aikin gajiya ta zafi, juriyar iskar shaka da aikin lalata zafi, damuwa ta zafi da juriyar girgiza, ikon lanƙwasawa, kyakkyawan aikin simintin siminti da walda, da aikin kariyar rufi.
A halin yanzu, yawancin injunan da suka ci gaba waɗanda ke da babban rabon turawa/nauyi suna amfani da ruwan wukake masu ramuka, kuma an zaɓi manyan alloys na nickel mai alkibla da guda ɗaya. Injin da ke da babban rabon nauyin turawa yana da babban zafin jiki na 1650 ℃ - 1930 ℃ kuma yana buƙatar kariya ta hanyar rufewa ta thermal insulation. Zafin sabis na ƙarfen ruwan wuka a ƙarƙashin yanayin sanyaya da kariyar rufi ya fi 1100 ℃, wanda ke gabatar da sabbin buƙatu masu girma don farashin yawan zafin jiki na kayan ruwan wukake na jagora a nan gaba.
b. Manyan alloys don ruwan wukake masu turbine
Ruwan turbine sune manyan sassan juyawa masu ɗaukar zafi na injunan aero-injiniya. Yanayin aikinsu yana ƙasa da ruwan jagora 50 ℃ - 100 ℃. Suna da babban damuwa na centrifugal, damuwa ta girgiza, damuwa ta zafi, binciken iska da sauran tasirin lokacin juyawa, kuma yanayin aiki ba shi da kyau. Rayuwar sabis na sassan ƙarshen zafi na injin tare da babban rabo na turawa/nauyi ya fi awanni 2000. Saboda haka, ƙarfen turbine zai sami juriya mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi ta fashewa a zafin aiki, kyawawan halaye masu kyau na zafi da matsakaici, kamar gajiya mai girma da ƙarancin zagayowar, gajiya mai sanyi da zafi, isasshen plasticity da tauri na tasiri, da kuma jin daɗin notch; Babban juriyar oxidation da juriyar tsatsa; Kyakkyawan watsa zafi da ƙarancin coefficient na faɗaɗa layi; Kyakkyawan aikin tsarin siminti; Kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci, babu hazo na matakin TCP a zafin aiki. Kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su yana ta matakai huɗu; Aikace-aikacen ƙarfe masu nakasa sun haɗa da GH4033, GH4143, GH4118, da sauransu; Amfani da simintin ƙarfe ya haɗa da K403, K417, K418, K405, zinariya mai ƙarfi DZ4, DZ22, ƙarfe mai lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya DD3, DD8, PW1484, da sauransu. A halin yanzu, ya haɓaka zuwa ƙarni na uku na ƙarfe mai lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya. Ana amfani da ƙarfe mai lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya na China DD3 da DD8 a cikin injinan turbines, injunan turbofan, helikwafta da injunan jirgi na China.
3. Babban ƙarfe mai zafin jiki don faifan injin turbine
Faifan turbine shine mafi girman ɓangaren juye-juye na injin turbine. Zafin aiki na flange na ƙafafun injin tare da rabon nauyin turawa na 8 da 10 yana kaiwa 650 ℃ da 750 ℃, kuma zafin tsakiyar ƙafafun yana kusan 300 ℃, tare da babban bambancin zafin jiki. A lokacin juyawa na yau da kullun, yana tura ruwan wukake don juyawa a babban gudu kuma yana ɗaukar matsakaicin ƙarfin centrifugal, damuwa na zafi da damuwa na girgiza. Kowane farawa da tsayawa shine zagayowar, cibiyar ƙafafun. Makogwaro, ƙasan rami da gefen duk suna ɗauke da matsin lamba daban-daban. Ana buƙatar ƙarfe don samun ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa mafi girma, taurin tasiri da rashin jin daɗin ƙira a zafin sabis; Ƙananan ƙimar faɗaɗa layi; Tabbataccen juriya na iskar shaka da tsatsa; Kyakkyawan aikin yankewa.
4. Babban alloy na sararin samaniya
Ana amfani da superalloy a cikin injin roka mai ruwa a matsayin allon injector na ɗakin konewa a cikin ɗakin turawa; gwiwar hannu na famfon turbine, flange, maƙallin rudder na graphite, da sauransu. Ana amfani da ƙarfe mai zafi a cikin injin roka mai ruwa a matsayin allon injector na ɗakin mai a cikin ɗakin turawa; gwiwar hannu na famfon turbine, flange, maƙallin rudder na graphite, da sauransu. Ana amfani da GH4169 a matsayin kayan rotor na turbine, shaft, hannun shaft, maƙallin da sauran mahimman sassan ɗaukar kaya.
Kayan rotor na injin roka na ruwa na Amurka galibi sun haɗa da bututun shiga, ruwan turbine da faifai. Ana amfani da ƙarfe na GH1131 galibi a China, kuma ruwan turbine ya dogara da zafin aiki. Ya kamata a yi amfani da Inconel x, Alloy713c, Astroloy da Mar-M246 a jere; Kayan diski na ƙafafun sun haɗa da Inconel 718, Waspaloy, da sauransu. Ana amfani da injin turbine na GH4169 da GH4141 galibi, kuma ana amfani da GH2038A don shaft ɗin injin.